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Immunological cascade of allergic rhinitis showing allergen sensitization, IgE-mediated early-phase reaction, late-phase inflammation, and systemic airway involvement

Pathophysiology

Pathophysiology of Allergic Rhinitis (Hay Fever) and Immune System Response Written by:  Dr.Muhammad Ihsan Ullah, PhD Medically reviewed by: Dr. Muhammad S. Anil, MD Last updated on Mat 11,2026 Allergic rhinitis, commonly known as hay… 

Diagnostic approach for allergic rhinitis, including clinical history, physical examination, allergy testing, and specialist evaluation

Diagnosis

Allergic Rhinitis Diagnosis and Tests: How Doctors Confirm Hay Fever Written by:  Dr.Muhammad Ihsan Ullah, PhD Medically reviewed by: Dr. Muhammad Mudassar Hassan Bhatti,MD Last updated on May 11,2026 Many patients wonder how allergic rhinitis…